Fluid MechanicsSolid MechanicsSoil MechanicsIrrigationWater Resource EngineeringEnvironmental EngineeringStructure AnalysisStructural Engineering DesignTransportation Engineering
| Name Of The Organisation | Chhattisgarh State Power Holding Company Limited |
| Post Name | JUNIOR Engineer (Electrical, Mechanical, Civil) |
| Total No Of CSPHCL Assistant Engineer Vacancies | 28 Posts only for CIVIL engineering |
| CSPHCL Application Mode | Online |
| Starting Date To Apply Online For CSPHCL Assistant Engineer Recruitment 2021 | 29-09-2021 |
| Last Date To Fill Online For CSPHCL JE Vacancies 2021 | 18-10-2021 |
| CSPHCL JUnior Engineer Exam Date 2021 | 5 to 14 january 2022 |
| CSPHCLJE Selection Process | Computer-based Test only |
| CSPHCL JE Job Location | Chattisgarh |
| Category | Previous Papers |
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In the above tabular form, we provide detailed information on CSPHCL Assistant Engineer Vacancies 2021. Individuals
| Exam Type | Parts | Total Subjects | Number Of Questions | Time Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice Test | Part I | Professional Subjects | 80 | 2 Hours |
| Part II | General Awareness & Reasoning | 20 | ||
| Total | 100 Q |
Similarly, you can download CSPHCL Assistant Engineer Syllabus and CSPHCL Assistant Engineer Exam Pattern 2020-21 for free cost.
Mu,lim = 0.362Bfck Xu,lim (d-0.42 Xu,Lim)
Where symbols have their usual meaning
Further, the Xu,lim/d ratio depends on grade of steel being used, which is referred from the below table:
|
Grade of Steel |
Xu,lim/d |
|
Fe 250 |
0.53 |
|
Fe 400 |
0.48 |
|
Fe 500 |
0.46 |
Development length:
(i) The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or a combination thereof.
ϕ = Diameter of bar
τbd = Design bond stress = Permissible value of average bond stress
The value of bond stress is increased by 60% for a deformed bar in tension and a further increase of 25% is made for bars in compression.
In case of bundled bars in contact the development length is increased than that for individual bar by
Field Capacity:
Saturation Capacity:
Permanent Wilting Point:
Readily available moisture:
In general, readily available moisture is approx 75 % of the available moisture.
Available moisture:
SC = Saturation capacity, FC = Field capacity, OMC = Optimum moisture content, PWP = Permanent welting point and UWP = Ultimate welting
Also It can be categorized into various types based on different parameters such as flow velocity, depth, roughness of the channel bed, and characteristics of the fluid. Some of the common types of flow in open channels include:
Uniform Flow:
In uniform flow, the flow velocity, depth, and other flow properties remain constant along the channel reach. This type of flow occurs when the slope of the channel, the roughness of the bed and banks, and the discharge remain constant. Uniform flow is often observed in long, straight channels with constant cross-sectional shape.
Non-Uniform Flow:
Non-uniform flow occurs when the flow properties vary along the channel, typically due to changes in channel slope, cross-sectional shape, or hydraulic characteristics. This type of flow is common in natural channels where there are variations in bed roughness, channel geometry, or where there are hydraulic structures such as bends, constrictions, or expansions.
Steady Flow:
Steady flow refers to a condition where the flow properties at any point in the channel remain constant over time. The flow rate, velocity, depth, and other parameters do not change with time. Steady flow can occur in both uniform and non-uniform flow conditions.
Unsteady Flow:
Unsteady flow occurs when the flow properties change with time at a particular point in the channel. This can happen due to sudden changes in discharge, channel geometry, or other hydraulic conditions. Unsteady flow is often observed during flood events, rapid changes in upstream flow rates, or when hydraulic structures are operated.
Critical Flow:
Critical flow occurs when the flow velocity equals the wave celerity, resulting in specific flow conditions known as critical depth. At critical flow conditions, small disturbances in flow depth or velocity can propagate upstream or downstream without any change in their amplitude. Critical flow is important in the design and analysis of hydraulic structures such as spillways and culverts.
Subcritical Flow:
Subcritical flow occurs when the flow velocity is less than the wave celerity, leading to gradually varying flow profiles downstream. In subcritical flow, disturbances propagate upstream, and flow properties change gradually along the channel. Most natural river flows are subcritical.
Supercritical Flow:
Supercritical flow occurs when the flow velocity exceeds the wave celerity, resulting in rapidly varying flow profiles downstream. In supercritical flow, disturbances propagate downstream, and flow properties change rapidly along the channel. Supercritical flow is often observed in steep channels, hydraulic jumps, and in high-velocity flow situations.
These are some of the fundamental types of flow in open channels related to soil and fluid mechanics. Understanding these flow types is essential for various engineering applications, including the design of drainage systems, irrigation canals, river management, and flood control structures.
Uniform Flow:
Imagine a straight canal with a constant slope, width, and depth. If the flow rate (discharge) remains constant and there are no changes in the channel's cross-sectional shape or roughness, the flow properties (velocity, depth) will also remain constant along the length of the canal. This is an example of uniform flow. It's like water flowing steadily through a long, straight pipe at a constant rate.
Non-Uniform Flow:
Consider a river that encounters a meander or a bend. As the river flows through the bend, the velocity and depth of the flow change. Near the outer bank of the bend, the flow is faster and deeper, while near the inner bank, the flow is slower and shallower. This variation in flow properties along the channel represents non-uniform flow. Another example could be a sudden constriction or widening of the channel, causing changes in flow properties.
Steady Flow:
Think of a canal with water flowing steadily through it. The flow rate, velocity, and depth at any given point in the canal remain constant over time. As long as there are no sudden changes in the channel or upstream conditions, the flow properties do not fluctuate. This represents steady flow. It's like a faucet with a constant stream of water flowing out.
Unsteady Flow:
Imagine a dam releasing water into a river at a variable rate over time. As the flow rate from the dam changes, the flow properties downstream of the dam also change. This fluctuation in flow properties with time represents unsteady flow. Another example could be a sudden flood event causing rapid changes in flow rates and depths in a river.
Critical Flow:
Consider water flowing through a narrow channel at a certain velocity. If the flow velocity reaches a critical value, known as critical velocity, the flow becomes critical. At this critical velocity, the depth of flow reaches a specific value known as critical depth, and the flow properties exhibit unique characteristics. An example of critical flow is when water flows through a hydraulic jump, such as at the base of a spillway.
Subcritical Flow:
Imagine water flowing gradually downstream in a river with a velocity slower than the wave celerity. In subcritical flow, small disturbances in flow propagate upstream, and the flow properties change gradually along the channel. This is typical of most natural river flows.
Supercritical Flow:
Consider water flowing rapidly downstream in a steep channel with a velocity greater than the wave celerity. In supercritical flow, disturbances propagate downstream, and the flow properties change rapidly along the channel. An example of supercritical flow is the flow downstream of a hydraulic jump, where the flow abruptly changes from subcritical to supercritical.
These examples should help you grasp the concept of different types of flow in open channels and how they relate to soil and fluid mechanics
An open channel is a conduit through which fluid flows with a free surface exposed to the atmosphere. Unlike a closed conduit, such as a pipe, which contains the fluid within its boundaries, an open channel allows the fluid to flow freely along an open path. Here's a more detailed description:
Fluid Flow:
An open channel typically carries liquids such as water, although it can also carry other fluids like oil or sewage. The flow can be driven by gravity, pressure differences, or other forces.
Free Surface:
One distinguishing feature of an open channel is that the surface of the fluid is open to the atmosphere. This means that the top surface of the flowing liquid is exposed to air, allowing interactions such as evaporation and gas exchange to occur.
Channel Geometry:
Open channels can have various shapes and sizes, including natural formations such as rivers and streams, as well as man-made structures like canals and flumes. The geometry of the channel, including its width, depth, and cross-sectional shape, influences the behavior of the flowing fluid.
Boundary Conditions:
Unlike closed conduits where the fluid is confined within solid boundaries, open channels have boundary conditions determined by the interaction of the fluid with the channel bed and banks. Factors such as bed roughness, bank slope, and vegetation can affect the flow characteristics.
Hydraulic Considerations:
The study of open-channel flow involves analyzing the behavior of fluids in these open conduits. Engineers and scientists use principles from fluid mechanics, hydraulics, and sediment transport to understand and predict the behavior of open-channel flows.
Examples of open channels include:
Understanding open-channel flow is essential in various engineering and environmental applications, including water resource management, flood forecasting, hydraulic structure design, and environmental protection.
Different types of flow in open channels have varying levels of importance and utility in engineering applications, depending on the specific requirements and objectives of the project. Here's a breakdown of how each type of flow is commonly used in engineering:
Uniform Flow:
Non-Uniform Flow:
Steady Flow:
Unsteady Flow:
Critical Flow:
Subcritical Flow:
Supercritical Flow:
In summary, each type of flow in open channels serves specific engineering purposes and is selected based on the project's objectives, constraints, and hydraulic considerations. Understanding the characteristics and applications of different flow types is essential for designing efficient and resilient hydraulic systems and structures.
Critical flow conditions play a crucial role in the design and operation of spillways for dams. Spillways are hydraulic structures built to safely discharge excess water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flood events. Ensuring that flow rates can be safely discharged without causing damage or erosion is a primary concern in spillway design, and critical flow conditions are fundamental to achieving this objective. Here's a more detailed explanation of how critical flow considerations are relevant in spillway design:
Hydraulic Jump Formation: One of the key aspects of spillway design is managing the energy dissipation of the discharged flow to prevent erosion and downstream scour. When high-velocity flow discharges from a spillway into a lower-energy environment, such as a downstream channel or riverbed, a hydraulic jump typically forms. A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon where the flow transitions from supercritical to subcritical, resulting in rapid energy dissipation and turbulence. Critical flow conditions are crucial in determining the characteristics and stability of the hydraulic jump.
Energy Dissipation: Critical flow conditions are associated with the formation and stability of hydraulic jumps, which play a critical role in dissipating the excess energy of the discharged flow. By promoting the formation of hydraulic jumps, spillway designers can effectively dissipate the kinetic energy of the flowing water, reducing its erosive potential and minimizing downstream impacts such as scour and erosion.
Chute and Stilling Basin Design: Spillway structures often include features such as chutes and stilling basins, which are designed to facilitate the formation and stabilization of hydraulic jumps. Chutes are sloped sections that accelerate the flow, while stilling basins are typically flat or gradually sloping areas where the hydraulic jump occurs and energy dissipation takes place. Critical flow considerations inform the design of these structures to ensure that hydraulic jumps form reliably and safely under a range of flow conditions.
Flow Capacity and Discharge Efficiency: Critical flow conditions also influence the capacity and efficiency of spillways in discharging flow from the reservoir. By optimizing the design to promote critical flow and hydraulic jump formation, engineers can maximize the flow capacity of the spillway while minimizing the risk of erosion and damage downstream. This allows for the safe and effective management of flood events and reservoir operations.
In summary, critical flow considerations are essential in spillway design for dams to ensure the safe and efficient discharge of excess water while minimizing erosion and downstream impacts. By understanding and leveraging critical flow conditions, engineers can design spillways that effectively dissipate energy, prevent damage, and protect downstream communities and infrastructure during flood events.
The Froude number` (\(Fr\))` indeed plays a crucial role in determining
critical flow conditions in open-channel flow. When the Froude number
is unity `(\(Fr = 1\))` at a certain depth of flow, it indicates critical
flow conditions. This critical flow condition is characterized by the
flow velocity being equal to the wave celerity, resulting in a balanced
relationship between gravitational and inertial forces. At this point,
the flow is said to be at critical velocity, and the depth at which this
occurs is referred to as the critical depth `(\(y_c\))`.
The Froude number is defined as the ratio of flow velocity to the square root of the product of gravity and flow depth:
`\[ Fr = \frac{V}{\sqrt{g \cdot y}} \]`
Where:
- `\( V \)` = Flow velocity
- `\( g \)` = Acceleration due to gravity
- `\( y \)` = Flow depth
When`
\( Fr = 1 \)`, it signifies that the flow velocity is critical, meaning
that the flow velocity is just sufficient to overcome the gravitational
forces acting on the flow, resulting in critical flow conditions.
In
summary, the Froude number being unity at a specific depth indicates
critical flow conditions, where the flow velocity equals the wave
celerity, and this depth is known as the critical depth. Thank you for
pointing out the connection between Froude number, critical velocity,
and critical depth in open-channel flow.
|
 |
Important Points
 |
`e = (pi^2*EI)/l^2`
For mild steel,
E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
σcr = 330 N/mm2
λ ≥ 80 N/mm2
 |
| Maximum Principal stress theory or rankine theory |
 |
| Maximum principal strain theory st. venant's theory |
 |
| st. venant theory or max principal strain theory |
 |
| maximum shear stress theory |
 |
| maximum strain energy theory |
 |
| maximum strain energy theory |
 |
| maximum shear strain energy theory |
Theories of failure | Shape |
Maximum Principal Stress theory (RANKINE’S THEORY) | Square |
Maximum Principal Strain theory (St. VENANT’S THEORY) | Rhombus |
Total Strain Energy theory (HAIGH’S THEORY) | Ellipse |
Theories of failure | Shape |
Maximum Shear Stress Theory (GUEST AND TRESCA’S THEORY) | Hexagon |
Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (VON MISES AND HENCKY’S THEORY) | Ellipse |
