Table of Contents

Types of Shear Failure in foundation

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Types of Shear Failure

1. General shear failure:

  • It occurs in dense sand or stiff clay.
  • A heave on the sides is always observed in general shear failure.
  • The failure surfaces extend up to the ground level.

2. Local Shear Failure 

  •  It occurs in medium-dense sand or on in clay of medium consistency.
  • Failure surface extend to the ground surface after considerable vertical movement.
  • A heave is observed only when there is a substantial vertical settlement

Some characteristics of local shear failure are:

  • 1. Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting of footing.
  • 2. Failure surface does not reach the ground surface and slight bulging of soil around the footing is observed
  • 3. Failure surface is not well defined
  • 4. Failure is progressive
  • 5. In the load-settlement curve, there is no well-defined peak
  • 6. Failure is characterized by considerable settlement directly beneath the foundation
  • 7. Significant compression of soil below the footing and partial development of plastic equilibrium is observed.
  • 8. Well-defined wedge and slip surface only beneath the foundation.


Local shear Failure

Important Points

  • In General Shear Failure  A well – defined failure pattern is observed.

3. Punching shear failure:

  • It occurs in loose sand or soft clay.
  • No heave is observed and failure surface does not extend upto the ground level.
  • Only vertical movement of footing.

Punching shear Failure


Criteria for General Shear Failure and Local Shear Failure

  • 1. For a cohesionless soil, if  Φ is >36°, a general shear failure is likely to occur and, if  fΦ< 29°, local shear failure occurs.
  • 2. If failure strain is less than 5%, general shear failure will occur and local shear failure occurs at a failure strain of 10–20%.
  • 3. It relative density is greater than 70%, general shear failure would occur and if it is less than 35% local shear occurs.
  • 4. If N > 30, GSF occurs and if N < 5, LSF occurs.
  • 5. If e < 0.55, GSF occurs. If e > 0.75, LSF occurs.









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