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Methods of Soil Exploration - Soil mechanics - Civil Engineering

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Methods of Soil Exploration The methods available for soil exploration may be classified as follows: 1. Direct methods: Test pits, trial pits or trenches. 2. Semi-direct methods: Borings 3. Indirect methods: Soundings or penetration tests and geophysical methods Test Pits This test is suitable only for small depths up to 3 m. For excavation of pervious soils at great depths, lateral supports or bracings are required. Useful for conducting field tests, such as plate bearing test. Test pits are usually made only for supplementing other methods or for minor structures. Boring Boring is a method of making or drilling bore holes into the ground for obtaining soil or rock samples from known or specified depths. Depending upon the type of soil and the purpose of boring, the following methods are used for drilling the holes. Types of Boring 1. Auger boring: This method is effective for subsurface investigations of highways, railways and airfields, where the depth of exploration is small. This ...
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Limiting Moment of Resistance of a RCC Beam

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The limiting Moment of Resistance of a RCC Beam is given as: M u,lim  = 0.362Bf ck  X u,lim  (d-0.42 X u,Lim ) Where symbols have their usual meaning Further, the X u,lim /d ratio depends on grade of steel being used, which is referred from the below table: Grade of Steel X u,lim /d Fe 250 0.53 Fe 400 0.48 Fe 500 0.46 Development Length of Steel bar in RCC Development length: (i) The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or a combination thereof. Ï• = Diameter of bar Ï„bd = Design bond stress = Permissible value of average bond stress The value of bond stress is increased by 60% for a deformed bar in tension and a further increase of 25% is made for bars in compression. In case of bundled bars  in contact the development length is increased than that for in...
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Moisture Contents of Soil

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Field Capacity: It is the amount of water that remains in the soil after all the excess water at saturation has been drained out. when sandy soils are allowed to drain for approximately 24 hours after saturation, field capacity is reached. Saturation Capacity: It is the soil water content where all soil pores are filled with water and water readily percolates or drains out from the root zone by gravitational force. The metric suction at this condition is almost zero and it is equal to the free water surface. Permanent Wilting Point: Permanent wilting point is considered as the lower limit of available soil moisture. At this stage, water is held tightly by the soil particles that the plant roots can no longer obtain enough water to satisfy the transpiration requirements; and remain wilted unless the moisture is replenished. Readily available moisture:  Readily available moisture is that portion of available moisture that can be most readily extracted by plants....
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Types of Flow in Open Channels - Critical flow - Civil Engineering

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Types of Flow in Open Channels Depending upon the change in depth of the fl ow with respect to space and time, open channel flows can be classified as follows. 1. Steady and unsteady flow When the discharge rate is constant, the flow is a steady flow. The sectional areas at diff erent sections may be different. So mean velocity of fl ow at diff erent sections may also be diff erent 2. Uniform and non-uniform or varied flow When depth of flow is same at all sections, the flow is a uniform flow. This means that velocity is same at all sections. Water surface is parallel to bed in this case. In a non-uniform flow, depth of section and mean velocity is different at different sections. Water surface is not parallel to bed in non-uniform flows. A non-uniform or varied flow can be: 1. Rapidly varied flow (RVF) 2. Gradually varied flow (GVF) 3. Laminar flow and turbulent flow The laminar motion of fluid is characterised by the motion in layers (i.e., laminar), parallel to the boundary surface....
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Types of Shear Failure in foundation

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Types of Shear Failure 1. General shear failure: It occurs in dense sand or stiff clay. A heave on the sides is always observed in general  shear failure. The failure surfaces extend up to the ground level. 2. Local Shear Failure   It occurs in medium-dense sand or on in clay of medium consistency. Failure surface extend to the ground surface after considerable vertical movement. A heave is observed only when there is a substantial vertical settlement Some characteristics of local shear failure are: 1. Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting of footing. 2. Failure surface does not reach the ground surface and slight bulging of soil around the footing is observed 3.  Failure surface is not well defined 4. Failure is progressive 5. In the load-settlement curve, there is no well-defined peak 6. Failure is characterized by considerable settlement directly beneath the foundation 7. Significant compression of soil below the footing and partial development of pl...
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Ten Fun and Exciting Facts About Engineering - VK Study

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Ten 'Fun and Exciting' Facts About Engineering The snowboard was invented by an engineer?   With some engineering twists and turns along the way, the snowboard has become a marvel of geometry, chemistry, and biomechanics. Since the snowboard allows deft turns, ski manufacturers have quickly adopted some of the snowboard innovations, enabling skiers to turn with less effort. Engineers design running shoes for protection, performance, and comfort?   Engineers understand how much force travels from the ground through the shoe to the foot. Through the work of engineering, weight is distributed throughout the whole foot -- heel to toe. A civil engineer created the slippery part of the water slide?   A civil engineer designed a pumping system to circulate just the right amount of water to the flume. Without the right flow of water, there is no ride. Additionally, civil engineers have designed the slide to withstand the weight of people, the water, and even the fo...
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Euler's formula for long column- Strength of Material

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Euler’s theory: This theory is valid only for long columns only. This theory is valid only when slenderness ratio is greater or equal to critical slenderness ratio. For any slenderness ratio above critical slenderness ratio, column fails by buckling and for any value of slenderness ratio less than this value, the column fails in crushing not in buckling. Euler’s critical load formula is, `e = (pi^2*EI)/l^2` Euler’s formula is applicable when, Crushing stress ≥ Buckling stress For mild steel, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 σcr = 330 N/mm2  Î» ≥ 80 N/mm2 When slenderness ratio for mild steel column is less than 80, the Euler’s theory is not applicable.
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Theories of failure - Strength of Material

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Theories of Failure and shapes - Strength Of Material Maximum Principal Stress theory or Rankine theory Maximum Principal stress theory or rankine theory Maximum principal strain theory st. venant's theory st. venant theory or max principal strain theory maximum shear stress theory maximum strain energy theory maximum strain energy theory  maximum shear strain energy theory  In short  For brittle material Theories of failure Shape Maximum Principal Stress theory  (RANKINE’S THEORY) Square Maximum Principal Strain theory  (St. VENANT’S THEORY) Rhombus Total Strain Energy theory  (HAIGH’S THEORY) Ellipse For Ductile material Theories of failure Shape Maximum Shear Stress Theory  (GUEST AND TRESCA’S THEORY) Hexagon Maximum Distortion Energy Theory  (VON MISES AND HENCKY’S THEORY) Ellipse
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Contra flexure, Shear Center and Max Shear Stress - Strength of Material

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Contra flexure Point occur at Bending Beam - SOM Where Bending Moment changes sign on Bending Moment Diagram. In a bending beam, a point is known as a point of contra flexure if it's a location at which no bending occurs. In a bending moment diagram, it is the point at which the bending moment curve intersects with the zero lines. In other words where the bending moment changes its sign from negative to positive or vice versa. A point of contra flexure occurs in the overhanging beam. Important Point Section  Ï„ max /Ï„ avg   Ï„ Neutral axis  / Ï„ avg   Rectangular/square 3/2 3/2 Solid circular 4/3 4/3 Triangle 3/2 4/3 Diamond 9/8 1 Shear centre:  The shear centre is the point through which if the resultant shear force acts then member is subjected to simple bending without twisting. Location of shear centre: (i) Shear centre generally does not coincide with the centroid of section except in special cases when the area is symmetrical bout both axis. (ii) Shear c...
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Permissible Limit of Solids in water for Concrete - IS 456:2000 - Vk Study Civil

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Permissible Limit of Solids in Concrete - IS 456:200 - Vk Study Civil According to Indian Standard Code of Practice 456:2000 Fourth Revision Permissible limits for solids is shown in table below - Potable water is considered satisfactory for mixing Concrete  Table 1. Clause5.4  Permissible Limit for Solids in Water for Concrete Solids Tested as per Permissible limit,Max Organic IS 3025 part 18 200 mg/l Inorganic IS 3025 part 18 3000 mg/l Sulphates as SO2 IS 3025 part 24 400 mg/l Chlorides IS 3025 part 32 2000 mg/l for Plain Concrete Chlorides IS 3025 part 32 500 mg/l for Reinforced concrete Suspended  Matter IS 3025 part 17 2000 mg/l
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OPTIMUM COMPACTION WET & DRY - civil engineering vk

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Optimum Compaction Wet and dry  Dry of Optimum Compaction and Wet of Optimum compaction Comparing between and dry and wet of optimum compaction      Properties changes with compaction Dry optimum Wet of Optimum   Structure after compaction  Flocculated (Random)  Dispersed (Oriented) Water deficiency  More   Less Permeability  More,  Isotropic  Less,  Isotropic Compressibility     at low stress  Low  Higher at high stress  High   Lower Swelleability  High  Low Shrinkage  Low  High Stress strain Behavior  Brittle,high peak, Higher elastic modulus  Ductile, No peak, Lower elastic modulus. Strength (undrained) as mould after saturation  High Much lower Construction Pore Water  Pressure Low High
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Sensitivity of the Soil related to shear strength in Laboratory test - Civil Engineering Study VK

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SENSITIVITY OF SOIL - Soil Mechanics Sensitivity elated to shear strength of soil in Laboratory test     It is defined as the ratio of undisturbed strength to that of the remoulded strength     Sensitivity = Undisturbed Strength / Remoulded Strength Sensitivity of Soil  Sensitivity Nature of Soil  1 Insensitive  1 to 4 Normal  4 to 8 Sensitive  8 to 16  Extra -Sensitive  >16 Quick
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TYPES OF TEST ON BRICKS - IS code 3495 - civil engineering study

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TYPES OF TEST ON BRICKS - civil engineering study Types of Tests On Bricks IS code 3495  Following tests are conducted on bricks to determine its suitability for construction work. Absorption test Crushing strength test Hardness test Shape and size Color test Soundness test Structure of brick Presence of soluble salts (Efflorescence Test)    WATER Absorption Test on Bricks - 3495 PART 2 Absorption test is conducted on brick to find out the amount of moisture content absorbed by brick under extreme conditions.  Apparatus: Oven,  Weight balance,  Tray PROCEDURE Take any five random bricks from a lot of brick as a specimen. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105°C to 115°C till it achieves considerably constant mass. Cool the specimen to room temperature and take its weight (M1). Testing: When the specimen is completely dry, then immerse it in the clean water at the room temperature (27 ±2°C...
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What are the properties of high density concrete in dry state?

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What are the properties of high density concrete in dry state? High density Concrete 1. High density concrete is those concrete which have best packaging with the presence of finest to coarse particles of substance of concrete which gives best denseness of concrete. 2. It is achieved by using the knowledge of concrete with skills. 3. It is achieved by using of some admixtures or additionally use of special ingredients of concrete 4. For making high density concrete first step is choosing the right materials for it. 5. It requires heavier aggregates with specific gravity of 3.5 to 4.which give 6. Some Natural aggregates used in High dense concrete is Limonite, Haematite, Magnetite,Barite etc. 7. like finest grade of cement.small to higher proportion of fine to coarse aggregate which gives better packaging of concrete and most important part is using of water reducing agent which removes extra part of water some plasticize,skilled labor who knows how to mix it. 8.for mixing or preparatio...
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CIVIL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS

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CIVIL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS LIST OF ALL SUBJECTS RELATED TO CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDY We provide list of all the civil engineering subjects which is essentials and without it no one never be a civil engineering.... Students who study or will study in college still reads these following subject. Engineering Mechanics Environmental Engineering Soil Mechanics Concrete Technology Reinforced concrete construction (RCC) Strength of Material (SOM) Structural Steel Engineering Structure Analysis Solid Waste Management Structural Engineering Design Fluid Mechanics Irrigation Engineering Surveying or Survey Engineering Engineering Mathematics  Geo-technical Engineering Applied Physics Engineering Chemistry Elements of Electrical Engineering Engineering Drawing and Planing Building Materials Building Construction Foundation Engineering Construction Management Waste Water Management all the above subjects and its syllabus which is most important related to civil engineering exams and practices ar...
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Irrigation and Its Methods in Civil Engineering Study

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Irrigation and Its Methods for Engineering Purpose Irrigation CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS ☞ Introduction ☞ Types of irrigation ☞ Methods of irrigation ☞ Water requirements of crops ☞ Irrigation efficiencies ☞ Irrigation requirements of crops ☞ Crop seasons ☞ Water logging and drainage   GENERAL UNDERSTANDING The following are the main concerns on irrigation:- 1 How to apply i.e. what should be the method of irrigation: Border Flooding method, furrow irrigation method,sprinkler irrigation method, drip irrigation method etc. 2.How much apply i.e. how much moisture the soil can hold in its pores or Moisture holding capacity of Soil. 3.When to apply i.e. when has the soil moisture level depleted to 50 to 60% of moisture holding capacity and when is the time to irrigate. In other words, what should be the frequency of irrigation. DEFINITION OF IRRIGATION Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land, in accordance with the crop requirements throughou...
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