Defects in Timber - vk

Defects occurring in timber are grouped into following five divisions.

1. Defect due to Conversion

Chip mark Diagonal grain Torn grain Wane

2. Defects due to fungi

Blue stain Dry rot Brown rot Heart rot Sap stain Wet rot White rot

3. Defects due to natural forces

Burls callus Chemical stain Coarse grain Dead wood Druxiness Foxiness Knots Rind galls Shakes Twisted fibres Upsets Water stain Wind cracks

4. Defects Due to seasoning

Bow Check Cup Warp Split Twist Radial Shakes Honey combing collapse Case hardening

5. Insects that cause defects

Beetles Termites Marine borers

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Clamp burning and Kiln burning comparison - vk

 Comparison between Clamp buring and Kiln burning 

No. item	Clamp-burning	Kiln burning
Capacity	About 20000-100000	avg 25000
Cost of fuel	Low as grass, cow dung, litter may be used	High because of coal dust is to be used
Initial cost	Very low as no structures are to be built	More as permanent structures are to be constructed
Quality of bricks	The percentage of good qualtiy bricks is small about 60%	Percentage of good quality bricks is high 90%
Regulation of fire	It is not possible to control or regulate fire during the process of buring.	The fire is under control throughout the process of burning
Skilled supervision	Not necessary through out the process of burning	The continuous skilled supervision is necessary
Structure	Temporary structure	Permanent structure
Suitability	For small scale	For large scale
Time of burning and cooling	It requires about 2-6 months	Actual burning times is 24 hr. and 12 days are required for cooling of bricks.

Notes - About comparison is based on use of these kiln with respect to bricks.

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Bull's trench and Hoffman's kiln comparison - Bricks vk study

 Comparison between Bull's trench and Hoffman's kiln

No. Items	Bull's trench kiln	Hoffman's kiln
Burning Capacity	About 3 lakhs in 12 days.	About 40 lakhs in one season
Continuity of working	It stops functioning during mansoon as it is not provided with a permanent roof	It functions all the year with permanent roof.
Cost of fuel	High as consumptions of fuel is more.	Low
Drying space	It requires more space	It requires less space
Initial cost	Low	High
Nature	It is semi-continuous in loose state.	It is continuous in nature
Popularity	More popular because of less initial cost	Less popular because of high initial cost
Quality of Bricks	Percentage of good quality bricks is small	Percentage of good quality bricks is more.

Note:- 

 These two kiln's are used to burn the bricks.

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Exploring the Internet: One Question at a Time

Q - how do you name this harmful program that resides on active memory of the computer and duplicates itself without human intervention, often sending copies of themselves to other computers via email

• That harmful program is called a computer worm.

Why?

• Resides in active memory while running.
• Duplicates itself automatically without any human help.
• Often spreads to other computers over networks or via email.
• Unlike viruses, worms don’t need to attach to other files — they self-replicate independently.

Summary:

• A worm is a self-replicating malicious program that spreads automatically across computers, often exploiting network vulnerabilities or email systems.

Comparison between worms, viruses, and trojans:

Feature	Worm	Virus	Trojan Horse
Self-replication	Yes, replicates independently	Needs to attach to files/programs	No, does not replicate itself
Spreading method	Network, emails, exploits	Requires user action (opening infected files)	Disguised as legitimate software, tricking user to install
Resides in memory	Yes, while active	Yes, when infected file runs	Only when executed by user
Purpose	Spread rapidly, sometimes cause damage	Infect files, corrupt data or system	Steal data, create backdoors, or perform malicious actions
Examples	Code Red, ILOVEYOU worm	Melissa virus, Michelangelo	Zeus Trojan, Emotet

Q. which of the attack is one in which a malicious hacker takes over computer via the internet and causes them to flood a target device with demands for data and other small tasks.

• The type of attack describing is called a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack.
• Correct term: DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service)

What happens in a DDoS attack:

• A hacker gains control of many computers (often through malware or botnets).

• These computers are turned into "zombies" — controlled remotely without their owners' knowledge.

• They all flood a target server or network with fake requests, data, or small tasks, overwhelming it.

• The target becomes slow, unresponsive, or completely crashes — denying service to real users.

What is a Rootkit?

A rootkit is a type of malicious software designed to:

• Hide its presence on a computer.

• Give the attacker root (admin) access without detection.

• Run stealthily in the background, often avoiding antivirus and system monitoring tools.

Key Features:

Feature	Rootkit
Purpose	Hide malware or allow hidden control
Access Level	High-level (root/admin) system access
Visibility	Hard to detect — hides in OS, kernel, or firmware
Typical Usage	Maintain long-term access, hide spyware, logins, or other malware
Can be used in	Advanced persistent threats (APTs), espionage, backdoors

How it's different from a DDoS attack:

Aspect	Rootkit	DDoS Attack
Goal	Hide and maintain unauthorized access	Overwhelm a target and crash it
Effect	Stealthy control and surveillance	Loud, disruptive traffic surge
Target	A single machine (for long-term access)	Servers, websites, or services
Detection	Very hard to detect	Easy to detect due to traffic surge

Summary:

A rootkit is malware designed to hide itself and give hackers deep control over a system, often used for spying or long-term attacks — not flooding or crashing like a DDoS.

Phishing and smishing are both types of social engineering attacks used to trick people into revealing personal information or installing malware.

Phishing (Email-based)

• What it is: Fake emails or websites that pretend to be legitimate (e.g., your bank, a delivery company, or a tech support team).

• Goal: Trick you into giving up personal info like passwords, credit card numbers, or downloading malware.

• How: Links in emails lead to fake login pages or malicious downloads.

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Smishing (SMS Phishing)

• What it is: A form of phishing that comes through SMS/text messages.

• Goal: Similar — steal information or trick you into clicking malicious links or calling scam phone numbers.

• Example: "Your package is on hold. Click here to reschedule: [fake link]"

Other Related Terms

Term	Channel Used	Example
Phishing	Email	"Update your account info" with a fake link
Smishing	SMS/Text message	"You've won a gift card, click here"
Vishing	Voice call	Fake tech support or IRS scam over the phone
Spear phishing	Targeted email	Personalized fake message for a specific person

Summary:

Phishing and smishing are tricks used to deceive people into giving away sensitive info by pretending to be a trusted source — via email (phishing) or SMS (smishing). 

what about doxing

Doxing (also spelled doxxing) is a malicious act of publicly revealing private or personal information about someone without their consent, usually to harass, threaten, or harm them.

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 What does it involve?

Doxing typically includes exposing:

• Real name (if they use a pseudonym)

• Home address or phone number

• Email addresses

• Workplace or employer info

• Social security numbers, bank details, or other private data

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 How is the information collected?

Doxers gather data from:

• Social media profiles

• Public records and databases

• Hacking or phishing

• Leaks or breaches

• Other people (crowdsourced info)

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 Purpose of doxing:

• Harassment or revenge

• Blackmail

• Intimidation

• Public shaming

• Swatting (calling emergency services to a victim’s address — highly dangerous)

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 Is doxing illegal?

• It can be illegal, especially if it involves threats, harassment, or results in real harm.

• Many platforms and countries treat it as a serious cybercrime.

---

 Summary:

Doxing is the act of exposing someone’s private information online without permission, often with harmful intent — it’s a violation of privacy and can have serious consequences.

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How to get Civil Engineering Degree in Chhattisgarh:

Your Guide to get Civil Engineering Degree in Chhattisgarh

Introduction

Admission Related Guide for Students who want to Study Engineering

To pursue a B.Tech in Civil Engineering in Chhattisgarh, you must first complete your 12th standard with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. After that, you need to appear for the Chhattisgarh Pre-Engineering Test (CGPET) conducted by the Chhattisgarh Professional Examination Board (Vyapam).

If you secure a good rank in the CGPET, especially under 2000, you have a high chance of getting admission to one of the three government engineering colleges in Chhattisgarh: GEC Raipur, GEC Bilaspur, or GEC Jagdalpur. You'll need to choose your preferred college during the counseling process after the CGPET results are declared.

Regarding fees, government engineering colleges are relatively affordable. For general category students, the annual fee is around ₹22,000. However, students from reserved categories (SC, ST, OBC) can avail scholarships, reducing the annual fee to approximately ₹3,000-₹5,000.

If you don't secure admission to a government engineering college or face financial constraints, there are many other good private engineering colleges in Raipur, Bhilai, and Bilaspur. These colleges offer B.Tech programs in Civil Engineering at an annual fee of around ₹12,000. This lower fee is possible due to the substantial scholarships provided by the Chhattisgarh government to financially weak students and students from reserved categories.

So, even if you have financial limitations, you can still pursue your dream of becoming a civil engineer in Chhattisgarh. Just make sure to research different colleges, explore scholarship options, and choose the best fit for your academic and financial goals.

A Solid Foundation for Your Future

Civil Engineering is a dynamic field that shapes our world. From designing towering skyscrapers to constructing intricate road networks, civil engineers play a pivotal role in building and maintaining the infrastructure that supports our modern society. If you're passionate about problem-solving, innovation, and creating a sustainable future, a career in civil engineering could be your ideal path.

For engineering students there is also most likely two benifits waiting for them after completing therir Degree. First if they are not good in Enginnering subjects simply they choose non-technical field for their further stuey or govt. exam prepareation, for any vacancy which needs graduation. And second if they want to still stand on Civil engineering field their is also most scope preent. like Cgvyapam conduct JE examination, cgpase conduct Examination for AE Post, Upsec also Counduct Examination for IES, Railway also counduct ecamination for JE, AE. NTPC, CSPDCL also conduct their own exam for JE and AE vacancy. so overall you will be in profit stage compare to other Students who do not hold civil engineering Degree.

Why Choose Civil Engineering in Chhattisgarh?

Chhattisgarh, a state rich in natural resources and undergoing rapid development, offers promising opportunities for civil engineers. With a growing demand for infrastructure projects, the state presents a fertile ground for aspiring engineers to make a significant impact.lablabla lablabla...... this are some minor Lines.

Actually Chhattisgarh provide Best location for all level students for study engineering. whether they are rich or poor, whether they want top college or Govt college, whether they want High Fee sturctured college or Choose low Fee structure college. overall every thing and every way is possibe for students.

Because our final goal is to get civil engineering Degree

Core Subjects in Civil Engineering after getting admission on Colleges

To excel in civil engineering, you'll delve into a variety of core subjects, including:

• Structural Analysis: Understanding the behavior of structures under various loads.
• Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering: Analyzing soil properties and designing foundations for buildings and structures.
• Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Studying the properties and behavior of fluids, essential for designing water systems and hydraulic structures.
• Transportation Engineering: Planning, designing, and operating transportation systems like roads, railways, and airports.
• Environmental Engineering: Protecting the environment through sustainable engineering practices.
• Construction Technology and Management: Overlooking the construction process, from planning to execution.
• Surveying: Measuring and mapping land, essential for accurate design and construction.

Career Opportunities in Civil Engineering

A B.Tech in Civil Engineering opens doors to a wide range of career paths:

• Government Organizations: Work for PWD, CPWD, Railways, and other government bodies.
• Private Construction Companies: Contribute to large-scale infrastructure projects.
• Consulting Firms: Provide expert advice on engineering projects.
• Real Estate Companies: Oversee construction and development projects.
• Research and Development Organizations: Advance the field of civil engineering through innovation.
• Academic Institutions: Share your knowledge and expertise as a professor or researcher.

• *licensed Contractor for Towns.
• *UPSE: IES
• *Railway: JE, AE.
• *CSPDCL: JE, AE.
• *SSC: JE
• *Non-Technical Career option:- IAS(upsc), SSC (cgl), CGPSC (for all Posts related to degree) 
• Please provide some other college in Comment box if you know other for students.

• Personal Job at your location: You can get your enginnerig contractor licence at district level, Also you can get contractor Licence for planing and valuation for structure in any town. you dont have to need any experince all you need to give a application with your degree to your town office or nagar nigam ( or palika or panchaya), your degree is sufficient for getting the license. And a bonus Point you shoul know is for all the above licence deploma holder needs for experince of some years bur we dont. because we have degree in civil Enginnering.

Top Colleges for Civil Engineering in Chhattisgarh

To embark on your journey, consider these top colleges in Chhattisgarh:

• Government Engineering College, (GEC) Raipur
• GEC Bilaspur
• GEC Jagdalpur
• BIT Bhilai
• BIT Raipur
• NIT Raipur
• Rungta College of Engineering and Technology
• Chhattisgarh Institute of Technology (CIT)
• MATS University
• Amity University
• Please provide some other college in Comment box if you know other for students.

Private Colleges in Bilaspur ( with low fee structure or have some flexibilty in Fees with scholorship )

• Jk Instititute of Engineering
• Chowksey College of Engineering.
• Please provide some other college in Comment box if you know other for students.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pursuing a B.Tech in Civil Engineering in Chhattisgarh offers a promising future. With a strong academic foundation, strategic exam preparation, and careful college selection, you can achieve your goals. Remember to explore the various financial aid options available to ensure a smooth academic journey.

By choosing the right college and leveraging the opportunities provided by the Chhattisgarh government, you can embark on a rewarding career in civil engineering, contributing to the development of your state and nation.

FAQ for Students in Chhattisgarh

General Questions

• What is Civil Engineering?
• Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

• What are the core subjects in Civil Engineering? 
• Core subjects typically include: * Structural Analysis * Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering * Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics * Transportation Engineering * Environmental Engineering * Construction Technology and Management * Surveying

• What are the career opportunities after completing a B.Tech in Civil Engineering? Graduates can find employment in various sectors such as: 
• * Government organizations (PWD, CPWD, Railways, etc.) 
• * Private construction companies 
• * Consulting firms 
• * Real estate companies 
• * Research and development organizations 
• * Academic institutions
• *licensed Contractor for Towns.
• *UPSE: IES
• *Railway: JE, AE.
• *CSPDCL: JE, AE.
• *SSC: JE
• *Non-Technical Career option:- IAS(upsc), SSC (cgl), CGPSC (for all Posts related to degree) 
• Please provide some other college in Comment box if you know other for students.

Specific to Chhattisgarh

• Which are the top colleges for Civil Engineering in Chhattisgarh? 
• Some of the top colleges include: 
• * NIT Raipur 
• * Rungta College of Engineering and Technology 
• * Chhattisgarh Institute of Technology (CIT) 
• * Government Engineering College, Raipur 
• * MATS University 
• * Amity University
• Please provide some other college in Comment box if you know other for students.

• What is the average fee structure for a B.Tech in Civil Engineering in Chhattisgarh? Fees can vary depending on the college and type of institution (government or private). Government colleges generally have lower fees compared to private institutions.

• What are the entrance exams required for admission to Civil Engineering courses in Chhattisgarh? The primary entrance exam is the Chhattisgarh Pre-Engineering Test (CPET). However, some private colleges may have their own entrance exams or consider JEE Main scores.

• What are the eligibility criteria for admission to Civil Engineering courses in Chhattisgarh? Typically, you need to have completed 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics as core subjects. The specific eligibility criteria may vary from college to college. Bur For Past year Mathematics is removed from very must category.

• Are there any government scholarships or financial aid available for Civil Engineering students in Chhattisgarh?

• Yes, several government scholarships and financial aid programs are available for students from economically weaker sections and meritorious students. Talking about OBC, ST, SC and EWS students, all of them get minimum amount of 21000 per year scholorship in Chhattisgarh.

Additional Tips

• Gain practical experience: Internships and projects can enhance your skills and knowledge.
• Stay updated with industry trends: Attend seminars, workshops, and conferences.
• Develop strong problem-solving and analytical skills.
• Master software like AutoCAD, STAAD Pro, and ETABS.
• Network with professionals in the field.

By carefully considering these factors and seeking guidance from experts, you can make an informed decision about your Civil Engineering education in Chhattisgarh.

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Home Plan and Layout for students

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RRB JE Recruitment 2024, Apply Online For 7951 Posts

RRB JE Recruitment 2024, Apply Online For 7951 Posts

The long-awaited RRB JE Recruitment Notification has finally been released on the official website. The Railway Recruitment Board is looking to fill 7951 vacancies for various positions including Junior Engineer, Depot Material Superintendent, Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant, Chemical Supervisor, and Research and Metallurgical Supervisor.

For candidates who are interested in jumping on this opportunity, the online application process for RRB JE Recruitment 2024 has already started on 30 July 2024 and will be open until 29 August 2024 as per the RRB JE Notification 2024. Don’t miss the boat on this – make sure to submit your application before the deadline. To help you out, we’ve got all the details you need to apply online, including a handy direct link, instructions for the application process, and fee details. Don’t miss your chance to be a part of the RRB JE Exam 2024.

RRB JE Recruitment 2024

The RRB JE Notification 2024 contains all the essential details for the recruitment process. The application window has been active till 29 August 2024. To apply, visit the official RRB website and follow the instructions provided in the detailed notification. Candidates can find the recruitment notice on the official website, eligible candidates can register for the RRB JE Recruitment 2024. This article provides all the important details about the RRB JE Exam 2024 to assist applicants.

RRB JE Recruitment 2024-Overview

Railway Recruitment Boards (RRB) conducts the RRB JE Exam to fill various positions such as Junior Engineer, Depot Material Superintendent, Chemical & Metallurgical Assistant, Chemical Supervisor, and Metallurgical Supervisor. The selection process includes Written Tests (CBT 1 & CBT 2), Document Verification, and Medical Examination. The short overview of RRB JE Recruitment 2024 is given below.

Download official notification 

Here

RRB JE Recruitment 2024-Important Dates

RRB JE 2024 Notification 27 July 2024

RRB JE 2024 Online Registration Start 30 July 2024

RRB JE 2024 Last Date of Online Registration 29 August 2024

Date of Modification/ Corrections in the application form 30 August 2024 to 08 September 2024

Last Date of Submission of RRB JE Online Application 29th August 2024

RRB JE 1st Stage Computer Based Test (CBT – I) Date To Be Notified

RRB JE 2nd Stage Computer Based Test (CBT- II) Date To Be Notified

RRB JE 2024 CBT I Result Release To Be Notified

RRB JE 2024 CBT II Result Release To Be Notified...

 Read more at: https://www.adda247.com/engineering-jobs/rrb-je/

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RCC - online test MCQ

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Basic Runway length and Corrections

Basic Runway Length

Correction for Elevation, Temperature and Gradient

Correction for Elevation

Corrections in runway length

(i) correction for elevation:

[`L'= L.(7/100).(E/300)`]

L1 = L + Lc

E =  elevation from MSL (m)

L =  Basic runway length

Lc= Correction due to elevation

L1= Corrected length

Correction for Temperature

Correction for Temperature in runway

• Standard temp = 15 – 0.0165 (E)

Correction for Gradient

Correction for Gradient in Runway

Basic Runway length

Length of runway under following assumed conditions

(i) Airport at sea level

(ii) Temperature at airport is 15 'C (standard)

(iii) Runway is levelled in longitudinal direction.

(iv) No wind blowing on runway.

(v) Aircraft is loaded at its full capacity.

(vi) There is no wind blowing enroute to destination

(vii) Enroute temperature is standard.

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Stress Strain Curve for Mild Steel

 Stress Strain Curve for Mild Steel 

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OA is Proportionality limit • OB is Elastic limit but OB is Non linear • The slippage of the carbon atom within a molecular mass leads to drop down of stress marginally from C to C’ • C is upper yield point • C’ is lower yield point (also known as Yield Stress f y ) • For exp Fe-250 => f y =250N/mm 2 • C’D is constant stress region called Yield Plateau DE is Strain Hardening region, material starts offering resistance against deformation • EF is Necking region where drop down of stresses occur upto Failure point • Necking region exists only in ductile material • In mild steel, ABC are closer to each other, therefore it is known as Linear Elastic Metal, and Yield stress and elastic stress is taken as 250N/mm 2 • The Fracture or Failure in mild steel depends upon Percentage of carbon present in a steel The strain at yield stress is about 0.00125 or 0.125% • CD represents plastic Yielding i.e. it is the strain which occurs after the yield point with no increase in stress • The strain at point D is about 0.015 or 1.5% • The strain in the range CD lies between 10 to 15 times the strain at yield point

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