Defects occurring in timber are grouped into following five divisions. |
| 1. Defect due to Conversion |
| Chip mark
Diagonal grain Torn grain Wane |
| 2. Defects due to fungi |
| Blue stain Dry rot Brown rot Heart rot Sap stain Wet rot White rot |
| 3. Defects due to natural forces |
| Burls callus Chemical stain Coarse grain Dead wood Druxiness Foxiness Knots Rind galls Shakes Twisted fibres Upsets Water stain Wind cracks |
| 4. Defects Due to seasoning |
| Bow Check Cup Warp Split Twist Radial Shakes Honey combing collapse Case hardening |
| 5. Insects that cause defects |
| Beetles Termites Marine borers |
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