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CSE - Civil Engineering Study

Table of Contents

 Test on building Materials


Test on aggregates

Aggregate Sample Requirement

Sieve Size recommended to calculate weight loss

Crushing Value Test

Passing through 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve

2.36 mm

Impact Value Test

Passing through 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve

2.36 mm

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

Passing through 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve

1.70 mm

Deval Attrition Test

Passing through 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve

1.70 mm

 

  • For making concrete, aggregate impact value should be less than 45.
  • Aggregates used for concrete should have a specific gravity between 2.6 to 2.8.


Angularity

  • Angularity is a measure of angularity of aggregate sample. It gives a general idea of shape, void ratio, denseness, packaging and compactness of the aggregate sample.

  • Angularity Number = 
  • where
  • W = Aggregate weight filled in the cylinder
  • w = Weight of the water filled in the cylinder
  • G = specific gravity of aggregate

The angularity number ranges from 0 to 11 for aggregates suitable for making concrete.

  • If the angularity number is zero, the solid volume of aggregate is 67% and
  •  if angularity number is 11, the solid volume of the aggregate is 56%. 
  • Angularity number represents the most practicable rounded aggregates and 
  • the angularity number 11 indicates the most angular aggregates that can be tolerated for making concrete which is not so unduly harsh and uneconomical.




Non-destructive testing:

  • Non-destructive tests are used to find the strength of existing concrete elements. They are classified as follows.

1. Half-cell electrical potential method:

It is used to detect the corrosion potential of reinforcing bars in concrete.

2. Schmidt or Rebound hammer test:

It is used to evaluate the surface hardness of concrete.

3. Carbonation depth measurement test:

It is used to determine whether moisture has reached the depth of the reinforcing bars.

4. Permeability test:

It is used to measure the flow of water through the concrete.

5. Penetration resistance or Windsor probe test:

It is used to measure the surface hardness and hence te strength of the surface and near-surface layers.

6. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test:

It is mainly used to measure the time of travel of ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete and hence concrete quality.


1. Kelly ball test:

It is a test that is performed to find the workability of concrete
It is a simple field testing machine that determines the depth to which a 15 cm diameter metal hemisphere weighing 13.6 kg, will sink under its own weight into the fresh concrete. Based on the depth of the penetration workability of concrete is determined.

2. Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT):

The cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in geotechnical engineering as an in-situ test to map soil profiles and assess soil properties.



The smaller the size of cube it more close to its parent geometry.

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm or 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

As per the IS 456-2000, the test results of the sample shall be the average of the strength of three specimens. The individual variation should not be more ± 15% of average than of the average. If more, the test results of the sample are invalid.



An aggregate is said to be elongated if its greatest dimension is greater than 1.8 times the mean diameter.

Test on Cement

  • The fineness of the cement is checked to test the proper grinding of the cement which significantly influences the rate of hydration. These two methods is used for determination of the fineness of cement:

1) Air permeability method ( Blaine) 

  • The fineness of cement is measured as the specific surface. Specific surface is expressed as the total surface area in square meters of all the cement particles in one kilogram of cement. The higher the specific surface is, the finer cement will be. 
  • Fineness test is performed on the Blaine apparatus. It is practically a manometer in the U-tube form. One arm of the manometer is provided at the top with a conical socket to form an airtight fit with the conical surface of the cell.

2) Sieving method 

  • This method serves only to demonstrate the presence of coarse cement particles. This method is primarily suited to checking and controlling the production process. The fineness of cement is measured by sieving it on standard sieves. The proportion of cement of which the grain sizes are larger than the specified mesh size is thus determined.  





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Hi, Its VK. I am a degree holder in Civil Engineering so if any mistake you found on this site please inform us using contact form.

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